Menigitis research paper Essay Example for Free

Menigitis research paper Essay Meningitis is a bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A family who lived in Geneva, Switzerland was first diagnosed with the disease in 1805. It was not until 1866, that the disease traveled its way into the United States. Professor Anton Weichselbaum discovered the cause of cerebro-spinal meningitis illness in 1887. There are five types of meningitis: bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, parasitic meningitis, fungal meningitis, and non-infectious meningitis. Bacterial meningitis and Viral meningitis are the two most common and serious types of meningitis. Bacteria meningitis is caused by bacteria. There are several types of pathogens that can cause bacterial meningitis: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Some of the symptoms of Bacteria meningitis are nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light, and confusion. Bacteria meningitis can be life threatening and result in the need of medical attention. It is also contagious and can be treated with antibiotics. Viral meningitis is more common, than Bacterial meningitis and is sometimes referred to as â€Å"aseptic meningitis.† Viruses, like enteroviruses and herpes simplex viruses, cause viral meningitis. Viral meningitis occurs mostly in children younger than the age of five. The most common cause of viral meningitis is enteroviruses, which is most often spread from person to person through fecal contamination. There is no specific treatment for Viral meningitis. It is just like any other virus, it runs its course for about 7 to 10 days. To prevent from getting Viral meningitis, you should wash your hands thoroughly, especially after changing diapers and using the bathroom, and avoid sharing items with sick people or when you are sick, such as eating utensils. Both bacterial and viral meningitis show similar signs and symptoms, but bacterial meningitis is more severe and fatal. There are vaccines for some of the types of bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis. There are no vaccines for the most common cause of viral meningitis, so the best way to prevent it is to not get a viral infection. Works Cited Page 1. 2.http://www.ehow.com/about_5234584_meningitis-first-discovered_.html 2. 3.http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9276.php 3. 4.http://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-Meningitis.aspx 4. 5.http://www.meningitis-trust.org/meningitis-info/types-and-causes/ 5. 6.http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html 6. 7.http://www.nmaus.org/meningitis/viral-or-bacterial.htm

Profiles in Courage: Sam Houston :: essays research papers

Sam Houston was a great man in our history. He stood up for what he believed was good for the Union not the North or the South. When Sam was rebuked for providing the winning margin for his opponents he said â€Å"I know neither North nor South; I know only the Union.† He also said everyone â€Å"†¦must stand firm to the Union, regardless of all personal consequences.† He was fiercely ambitious, yet at the end he sacrificed for principle all he had ever won or wanted. He was a Southerner, and yet he steadfastly maintained his loyalty to the Union. He could be all things to all men—and yet, when faced with his greatest challenge, he was faithful to himself and to Texas. When still a dreamy and unmanageable boy, he had run away from his Tennessee frontier home, and was adopted by the Cherokee Indians, who christened him Co-lon-neh, the Raven. An infantry officer under Andrew Jackson in 1813, his right arm had been shredded by enemy bullets when he alone had dashed into enemy lines at the battle of the Horseshoe, his men cowering in the hills behind him. A brave man he was indeed. Apparently he discovered but a few days after his marriage that his young and beautiful bride had been forced to accept his hand by an ambitious father, when in truth she loved another. Sam struck out with one grand assault on Texas officialdom by announcing himself a candidate for Governor in the 1857 election. But his votes on Kansas and other Southern measures could not be explained away to an angry constituency, and Texas handed Sam Houston the first trouncing of his political career. On November 10, 1857, Sam Houston was unceremoniously dismissed by the Texas Legislature and a more militant spokesman for the South elected as his successor. In the fall of 1859, the aging warrior again ran as an independent candidate for Governor, again with no party, no newspaper and no organization behind him, and making but one campaign speech. Houston delivered his inaugural address directly to the people from the steps of the Capitol, instead of before a joint session of the Legislature. Sam Houston earned his place in Profiles in Courage by his refusal to support the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. This bill repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and would have allowed the residents of territories from Iowa to the Rocky Mountains to decide the slavery issue themselves.

User Manual

This system help users r people especially students and faculty who responsible in recording the data appropriately, it also saves time and more convenient to use than the traditional manual recording. It helps to eliminate the too much time and effort in borrowing, returning, reserving and claiming of items. Lack of library system in a school can lead to chaos and troubles, and because of it the librarian is having a problem to serve each students and faculties who wish to use the library.It is extremely useful in the school to use that automated system and will help the school advanced its education quality. Foreign According to Robinson (2001), usability is a key requirement for users, says Elisabeth Robinson, Product manager for Online Computer Library Center. The catalogue has become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resources and web links. Management systems also allow circulation, including check in/check out and enable libraries to purchase mat erials and track where they are.According economy within which library systems form part of a larger whole. He was writing in a briefing paper about the study in library management systems. This study examined the systems used in higher-education libraries across the I-J and came up with some significant observations and recommendations. It noted that the ALMS market in I-J higher education is already mature and that four main vendors (Calibers, Innovative,Sordidness and Tails) have almost 90 per cent of the market.This market maturity means, according to the study authors, that the benefits to libraries of changing ALMS provider are limited. Library users expect to find everything together says Stephen Abram, vice president for innovation at Sordidness, the leading provider of software solutions and associated revise for libraries. According to her traditionally, the library management system or integrated library system (ILLS) was responsible for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over the last few years, the role of the ILLS has been expanding from meeting library needs to delivering user experience.Local According to Eden (201 1), views that most libraries are forced to work with fewer staff because of the having a more improved and modernized system for their library. According also to the study, the library administration need to emphasize to their Taft that the organization has a vested interest in providing them with the tools and training they need to assist the organization in the new information marketplace. These may include search engines, circulation systems, and the online public access catalog.According to Lopez (2002), University of the Philippines Mindanao when UP in Mindanao accepted its first batch of students in 1996, the Main Library collection was integrated with the core collection of the School of Management (SOME) Library at the Satisfaction Bldg. , Ladies Avenue, Banning, Dave City. The Philippians and General References were housed together with the College of Arts and Sciences (CASE) collection in Room 2 of the Philippine Coconut Authority. In the Second Semester AY 1996-1997,the CASE Library moved to its main campus in Bags Shirr.Upon the recognition of UP in Mindanao by the Board of Regents (BOOR) as a constituent unit (CUE) of the UP System, the CASE was split into two (2), namely: College of Humanities and Social Sciences (OCHS) and the College of Science and Mathematics (SCM). The Main Library transferred to the newly renovated building where the main collection was set-up beside the books of the OCHS and the SCM. In July 2002, the library established the Library Educational Media and Information Technology Office (LIMITS). The LIMITS handles the audio-visual services, internet and the connectivity of the library.Users in every generation and in every stage have always wanted access to library resources. It has been important to know that libraries were there to be used when required, althoug h it was not necessary to visit them very often. The question facing us today is whether the mission libraries have performed in the past is still relevant in today's world. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the importance of library arrive is users oriented and the needs of meeting their demand and expectation. The proliferation of Information technology (IT) brings users' needs for timelier, convenient, speedy information delivery in recent years.Libraries have to harness the technological change and use it to fulfill their mission to provide access to information when people need it. The popular use of IT also can help libraries to know what their users need and provide right information to the right user with plenty of resources. Library plays as an interactive role to encourage users to use resources and establish a relationship with library. The use of computer technology in modern society has become indispensable evident in many day to day activities.The use of gadgets for implementing and upgrading the different software are now liable, including the use of bar code readers, swipe card readers and online access. Integrating these technologies in a company's and in the different sectors operations has now become a necessity. As the school focus on serving their students the best way they can, the management also ensures the welfare of their students. To do this requires a library management system to collect manpower input, process it and output complete and accurate information of students who will borrow books. Library is the warehouse of the information and knowledge.This is where students and teachers find books, encyclopedias, periodicals, newsletter, magazines, dictionaries, atlases, almanacs, Journals, pamphlets and other printed references. It provides free services for them so they could use every reference they need. It also provides assistance from the librarian to make it easier to look for the reference that they will use. It is a pla ce where could be informed and broaden their knowledge about everything free of charge. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM General: What is the way to eliminate too much time and effort in performing transactions in a particular School Library?Specific: 1. What are the needs of a School Library? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY General Objective: To design and develop a library management system that will serve as a proposal to help librarians save time and effort with the automation of its daily operation. Specific Objective: To allow librarians to retrieve complete information of the book and its borrowers. To eliminate too much time and effort in rendering books. To provide a convenient way in rendering books. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of this study was to help and give a benefit to the concerned group below.This study will be beneficial to the following: Students/Faculty Through a computerized library system, they can easily find the books that they are looking for without going t hrough the traditional way of searching a library material. Convenience is more visible for it is not time-consuming, resulting to a number of accomplished works. Librarian The computerized library system would improve the monitoring capacities of those ho maintain the library. It would be easier to determine whether a particular book is on-shelf or not.Computers have radically changed the way people learn and communicate with each other, as well as the library itself. The library differs little from other institutions and firms in the impact of computing technology on them. Changes are in the almost unlimited tracking of the availability of books: Whether a book has been issued or not is the work of moments, where before it would have entailed a long search through a card index. The availability of learning resources has been massively expanded through access o the Internet, again facilitated by the use of computer technology.Without computers, as some libraries are, all of them ar e dependent on paper work or manual recording of borrowed, returned, reserved, claimed and new books. When inefficient and labor intensive and can produced too much effort and time. Users of a paper based system become almost wholly reliant on the librarians, for all levels of service, whether they are enquiries about existing books, inter-library loans, or the availability of books. There is additionally no real involvement of a user in the entire process.

The Inside Scoop on the Watergate Scandal

The Watergate scandal was a defining moment in American politics and led the resignation of President Richard Nixon and the indictments of several of his advisers. The Watergate scandal was also a watershed moment for how journalism was practiced in the United States. The scandal takes its name from the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. The Watergate hotel was the site of a June 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. Five men were arrested and indicted for breaking and entering: Virgilio Gonzà ¡lez, Bernard Barker, James W. McCord, Jr., Eugenio Martà ­nez and Frank Sturgis. Two other men tied to Nixon, E. Howard Hunt, Jr. and G. Gordon Liddy, were hit with conspiracy, burglary, and violation of federal wiretapping laws. All seven men were either directly or indirectly employed by Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP, sometimes referred to as CREEP). The five were tried and convicted in January 1973.The indictments occurred as Nixon was running for re-election in 1972. He defeated Democratic opponent George McGovern. Nixon was certain to be impeached and convicted in 1974, but the 37th president of the United States resigned before he was to face prosecution. Details of the Watergate Scandal Investigations by the FBI, the Senate Watergate Committee, the House Judiciary Committee and the press (specifically Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post) revealed the break-in was one of several illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixons staff. These illegal activities included campaign fraud, political espionage and sabotage, illegal break-ins, improper tax audits, illegal wiretapping, and a laundered slush fund used to pay those who conducted these operations.Washington Post reporters Woodward and Bernstein relied on anonymous sources as their investigation revealed that knowledge of the break-in and its to cover-up reached into the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and the White House. The primary anonymous source was an individual they nicknamed Deep Throat; in 2005, former Deputy Director of the FBI William Mark Felt, Sr., admitted to being Deep Throat. Watergate Scandal Timeline In February 1973, the U.S. Senate unanimously approved a resolution that impaneled the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities to investigate the Watergate burglary. Chaired by Democratic U.S. Sen. Sam Ervin, the committee held public hearings that became known as the Watergate Hearings.In April 1973, Nixon asked for the resignation of two of his most influential aides, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman; both were indicted and went to prison. Nixon also fired White House Counsel John Dean. In May, Attorney General Elliot Richardson appointed a special prosecutor, Archibald Cox.The Senate Watergate hearings were broadcast from May to August 1973. After the first week of the hearings, the three networks rotated daily coverage; the networks broadcast 319 hours of television, a record for a single event. However, all three networks carried the nearly 30 hours of testimony by former White House counsel John Dean.After two years of investigations, evidence implicating Nixon and his staff grew, including the existence of a tape recording system in Nixons office. In October 1973, Nixon fired special prosecutor Cox after he subpoenaed the tapes. This act prompted the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. The press labeled this the Saturday Night Massacre.In February 1974, the U.S. House of Representatives authorized the House Judiciary Committee to investigate whether sufficient grounds existed to impeach Nixon. Three articles of impeachment were approved by the Committee, recommending that the House begin formal impeachment proceedings against President Richard M. Nixon. Court Rules Against Nixon In July 1974, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that Nixon had to hand over the tapes to investigators. These recordings further implicated Nixon and his aides. On   July 30,  1974, he complied. Ten days after handing over the tapes, Nixon quit, becoming the only U.S. President to have resigned from office. The additional pressure: impeachment proceedings in the House of Representatives and certainty of a conviction in the Senate. The Pardon On   September 8, 1974, President Gerald Ford granted Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed while President. Memorable Lines Republican U.S. Sen. Howard Baker asked, What did the President know, and when did he know it? It was the first question that focused on Nixons role in the scandal. Sources Watergate - Museum.tvNixon Forces Firing of Cox; Richardson, Ruckelshaus Quit - Washington Post

The Job Advertisement That Make It Effective - 786 Words

There are eight different components to the job advertisement that make it effective: overview, salary, position responsibilities, required qualifications, preferred qualifications, benefits, application, and a diversity statement. Each section provides the candidate with a detailed description of the position and if it aligns with their professional qualifications. The overview provides the reader with the general description of the positon. As included in the advertisement, the reader understand the primary responsibility is to coach approximately 70 juniors and seniors. This lets the candidate know they will be mostly meeting with students each day to assist with career exploration and career planning. In addition, the position is a full-time opening, which helps the reader to understand they need to have certain qualifications before considering the position. The salary is presented below the overview so that the candidate can know the value of the position. During any job search, it can be frustrating to the candidate if the salary is not presented. When designing any type of position, it is best to be transparent so the candidate can make the best decision and the employer can find the right fit. There are several position responsibilities listed for the Career Counselor position, including assisting student development, cultivating relationships with stakeholders, assessing progress, and other duties as assigned. Each of the position responsibilities were intentionalShow MoreRelatedAdvertisement Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagespower of the advertisement; it has a power to persuade people even though it might not be on their shopping list. Hundreds of advertisements are put in to our brains every day of our lives, but out of those hundreds of advertisements, how many of them cross your mind when you buy something? There are different types of advertisement out there, such as television commercials and radio commercials that try to catch many minds of audiences; however, the most fascinating type of advertisement has to beRead MoreSnickers Advertising Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2017 Why Snickers Continues to Set the Pace for Chocolate Advertisements Thesis: The Snickers advertisement is effective because of the good positioning of the text and image, use of good contrasting colors, and easy analysis. I. Snickers’ position of the text and image, complement each other, thereby making the advertisement very effective. A. Snickers advertisement’s positioning of the text and image, make the advertisement very breathable, easy to read and process, since the image doesRead MoreHow Advertisements Are Effective Or Not Towards The Audience864 Words   |  4 Pagescampaign advertisements that are used through a variety of different media vehicles such as â€Å"TV, radio, print, digital, and out of home states.† (FDA 2016) These advertisements are displayed through every media possible and it would be hard not to encounter it in form for the few years it has been present for the public to see. Throughout my essay, I will discuss how these advertisements are used and whether they are effective or not towards the audience in preventing smoking. The most effective waysRead MoreComparison of Two Commercials Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesPathos or logos? 1. VW uses more pathos than Lexus. 1. Humor is effective tactic in advertising. 2. By using humor, advertisers make their product more memorable. 2. 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Eisenhower’s set of Eisenhower Answers America (Doc C) advertisements, ‘Ike’ answered the questionsRead MoreBoston Fights Drugs Case Study1527 Words   |  7 Pagesearlier, and more controversial topics towards the end. The team of researchers did a good job with putting the personal questions at the end of the questionnaire, disguising the purpose of the focus group in the introduction, and they did a good job with giving the respondents an incentive for completing the questionnaire and for going to the focus group. In regards to the interview protocol they did a good job with starting with casual topics, then slowly going into more intense controversial topicsRead MoreAnalysis of a Bose Advertisement Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesThere is an interesting print advertisement found in an issue of Time magazine. It was an advertisement of noise cancelling headphones by Bose. Bose is known to make high quality products for music such as headphones and speakers. In the ad there is a man in a boat wearing Bose headphones who is rowing a boat and is about to go over a waterfall. The waterfall he happens to be going over is Niagra Falls, which is notorious for being very loud. Niagra Falls is a really we ll known tourist attractionRead MoreTwo Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt1060 Words   |  5 Pagesin dehumanizing positions in advertisements and how desensitized we have become. Kilbourne implores us to take the media more seriously. She is putting a microscope on society and showing that the objectification of women is acceptable. Kilbourne’s essay is directed toward a general audience and she does a great job of relating relevant and recent advertisements. She uses popular name brands like Calvin Klein and Prada that most people would recognize. This makes the essay relatable to the general

Essay Symbolism of Loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’ by...

Symbolism of Loneliness in ‘Of Mice and Men’ by Steinbeck Steinbeck’s novel ‘of mice and men’ is set in the time of the Great Depression after the stock market crash of 1929. The currency is almost worthless and people can afford little possessions. Because of the situation there are many people moving from place to place to find work. This means they are never in one place long enough to form any relationships, so this is a very lonely existence: â€Å"Guys like us, that live on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world.† All that the men really ever spent their money on was the cathouses and bars, so they can never break free from their dire lives. Steinbeck†¦show more content†¦This is good imagery as the town is the place where all the ranch hands blow their pay on alcohol and women. It is very ironic how they go to ease their loneliness in a town called loneliness. This kind of symbolism with words to do with isolation is also used by Steinbeck when George, although the only one with a companion, continuously lays a ‘solitaire’ hand, to play alone. This emphasises that loneliness is something that cannot be escaped, shown by a man with a friend still isolating himself. The other ways Steinbeck gets his message across are through types of segregation –  · Racism  · Sexism  · Ageism Crooks is a black man, who is lonely because the society is racist. He is so separated from the others because he is different: A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont matter no difference who the guy is, longs he with you. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick.† Crooks is rejected from every group of people and cannot socially interact with others, just like Lennie who can’t socially interact properly because of his mental-disability. Crooks hates the way he cant be with the other men: â€Å"Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im Black. They say IShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men Loneliness Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay: ‘Soledad’ means loneliness. Why is this relevant in ‘Of Mice and Men’? The relevance of ‘Of Mice and Men’ being set in the town of Soledad comes from the parallels drawn between the meaning of the name ‘Soledad’ and the deeper sense of loneliness expressed through the characters of the novella. The symbolism of the loneliness that is associated with the town of Soledad establishes an underlying sense of loneliness in all characters. The author uses a variety of techniquesRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1387 Words   |  6 Pagestown in which Of Mice Men takes place. The entire novel displays the idea of solitude. Along with the presence of loneliness in this story, John Steinbeck also ties in the idea of companionship through the everyday lives of individuals. The correlation of loneliness and companionship in the lives of these characters, along with the diversion of lifestyles consistently shows. Of all the many themes of the book, Of Mice and Men, the most important theme is the theme of loneliness and companions hipRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Man 1746 Words   |  7 Pages20262099 06/04/2016 Good and bad in the novella â€Å"Of Mice and man† John Steinbeck present the ideas about good and bad in people through the mannerisms and personality of each character. From the description of the characters, the quotes and dialogue used throughout the novella, we are able to understand the complexity of human nature, how our moral and values are shaped by our environment, social status and intellectual ability. The novella was written in 1937, the title of the book comes from aRead MoreThere Are Many Different Factors That Can Cause Loneliness1715 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent factors that can cause loneliness and isolation in a person’s life. Many of these factors are present throughout Of Mice and Men. The environment and the people who surround that person can really impact the quality of life one lives. Although isolation occurs when a person separates themselves from others physically, a person can also be isolated inside their own minds, even with others around them. In John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, Symbolism, imagery, and tone are used to showRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1357 Words   |  6 PagesSoledad Loneliness is something almost everyone has felt at one point or another and, as soon as that emptiness of heart has been endured, one yearns to be together and supported by another living soul. However, during the 1930 s Great Depression, society and the ranch workers way of life didn t make having a partner or family copacetic.The nature of loneliness through the demoralizing of dreams as well as the sacrifice of amenities is revealed in John Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men. LennieRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men922 Words   |  4 Pagesforeshadowing in the first place. There are various ways through which authors embody foreshadowing into their writing, including symbolism, plot, and characters. John Steinbeck, author of the novella, Of Mice and Men expertly secretes foreshadowing throughout the novella, doing a particularly impressive job in chapter four. Steinbeck incorporates chapter four into Of Mice and Men to foreshadow Lennie’s unfortunate fate through th e use of similar characters. Crooks, a broken negro man, is a characterRead MoreOf Mice And Men By Lora Colon1750 Words   |  7 PagesJunna Chen Peterson Honors English 25 September 2015 Of Mice and Men Analysis â€Å"But, I m already resigned to this fate / Looking over my life, I recall / If it hadn t been / for the loneliness / I d have no companion at all. † This stanza from â€Å"Loneliness†, by Lora Colon evokes the negative impact a lonely fate has on a person. Words like â€Å"resigned† and â€Å"loneliness† establish a sense of depression and resignation. During the times of the Great Depression, many people felt similar feelings of melancholyRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1243 Words   |  5 PagesLoneliness is an emotion of isolation and no hope or dreams in life, which is what John Steinbeck achieves by portraying this through the characters in his novella Of Mice and Men. The main characters are affected by loneliness in their own different way throughout the novella. rf The loneliness is maintained by the challenges that the characters have to face, and they sustain those challenges of being inhumane towards each other. Crook, a figure in the story who experiences discrimination encountersRead MoreThe Harsh Dream, Of Mice And Men1416 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men, The Harsh Dream Santiago Català ¡n Mr.Matarazzo American Literature May 23, 2016 Santiago Català ¡n Mr.Matarazzo American Literature May 23, 2016 The Harsh Dream, Of Mice and Men Although the American Dream seems like a bright future with a great success, get rich, make money†¦ the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity, nevertheless Lennie and George will experience times of trouble and poverty, where they will not be able to save up money and have a wealthy and prosperousRead MoreJohn Steinbeck: An American Writer During the Great Depression1315 Words   |  6 PagesBecause of the difficult situations, American writers turned their focus to social problems and issues. They were motivated to arouse sympathy for the suffering of common people, especially those at the very bottom of the society. (Wang, 2012) John Steinbeck (1902-1968), born in Salinas, California, is one of the most significant and representative American writers in that era. He is the winner of the Noble Prize for Literature in 1962. John Steinbeck’s living experience in California had a great influence

Dialogue in Bethlehem Essay Example For Students

Dialogue in Bethlehem Essay Across the north-south gulf that separates the two Americas, a pair of small ensemble theatre companies one American, one Chilean recently met in Bethlehem, Pa. to explore the possibilities of recognizing and synthesizing their differences. Bethlehems Touchstone Theatre and Santiagos Teatro la Memoria collaborated on an adaptation of Marco Antonio de la Parras new play, Daedalus in the Belly of the Beast, creating a unique, bilingual production which premiered at Touchstone in September and will be performed this month at Baltimore Theatre Project, Philadelphias Painted Bride and New York Citys INTAR Hispanic-American Arts Center, before participating in Santiagos Theatre of Nations Festival next April. The project has brought together Chiles leading playwright, who emerged as an important voice of the Chilean people during the military dictatorship; a young Chilean director, Alfredo Castro, whose strong, minimalist aesthetic has gained recognition within the Chilean and international theatre communities; four young actors who, with Castro, formed Teatro la Memoria six years ago; three American actors; and Touchstone producing director, Bridget George, who made this bilingual, bi-national theatre experiment happen. I fell in love with the work of Teatro la Memoria when I saw their production of Manzana de Adan (Adams Apple) in Santiago, George comments. Like Touchstone, the company focuses on emotion, gesture, space and simplicity of means. The presence and intimacy of the actors are everything. With the Chilean company in mind, she commissioned de la Parra, whose Secret Obscenities ran at Touchstones intimate, 72-seat theatre in 1990, to write a bilingual play which addressed the encounter between the two Americas. Bilingual variations   The Touchstonela Memoria collaboration proposed to interweave Spanish and English organically throughout the text, in a search for a new theatrical language (a process in which this writer took part as translator and dramaturg). As rehearsals got underway, we were certain of three things: we did not want a simultaneous translation of the text on stage; the audiences must be able to follow the content of the piece; and the bilingual concept would go beyond words and extend to the movement, visual and musical elements of the production. Many ideas for bilingual variations brought to the process by the director, actors, stage manager, dramaturg, producer were tried. Among those that worked were the use of echoes, interpreters (actors in character, playing foreigners), tape recorders, a ventriloquist, and dialogue in alternating languages. Bilingual demands dictated that entire scenes be rewritten and restaged. The character Icarus, for example, appears as one of his father Daedaluss toys, and because Pablo Schwarz, the actor who plays the role, speaks excellent English interprets some of Daedaluss lines into English. Pasiphaes ghost, played by Touchstones Susan Chase, was brought into a scene between Phaedra and Ariadne so that English could be integrated into the dialogue: PHAEDRA And what if hes the foreigner weve heard so much about? ARIADNA Icarus? PHAEDRA Podria ser. Por que no? ARMNA If it were him, Id know it. PHAEDRA Ariadna? Me escuchaste? PASIPHAES GHOST She doesnt hear you. PHAEDRA What are you keeping from me? Actors speaking in two languages add textures; differences are approached as richness. The music, by Chilean composer Miguel Miranda, offers yet another dimension of language. As a point of departure for exploring language, director Castro opted to take the similarities between the two groups as givens and concentrate on their differences not in opposition, but to explore diversity in terms of the labyrinth, the foreigner and the amazement of feeling strange even with ourselves, he explains. Artaud said that within the heterogeneous, everything can happen, but that homogeneity produces death. The acceptance of difference is important. In the world today, people talk about oppositions. If someone isnt like me, hes against me. This attitude must be changed. .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc , .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .postImageUrl , .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc , .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc:hover , .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc:visited , .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc:active { border:0!important; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc:active , .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b1955a96eadf4650185725958ca6bfc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Is Inspector Goole? EssayThe first sign of differences was apparent in the relationship between author and director. De la Parra had Iong wanted to write a modern tragedy. He chose Daedalus (in his words, the technical genius who made wings from feathers and wax to flee Crete and created the technological pornography of his era when he designed Pasiphaes wooden cow) as his hero, because Icaruss enchantment by the sun is an ominous lesson. We have all wished to fly toward the sun. We have all experienced the fall. Castro, however, arrived in Bethlehem with a heavily edited and adapted text: His minimalist sensibility had not corresponded to de la Parras broad sense of the ridiculous. The director also felt that the two Americas theme was not only limiting but self-evident in the project itself. So, with the authors blessing, Castro and his dramaturgical collaborator, Francesca Lombardo, rewrote the script, focusing on the character of the Minotaur as a metaphor for the other the foreigner, the beast within us all, our mirror image whom we encounter at the center of our own labyrinth and must learn to accept. In Castro and Lombardos adaptation, the stage became the labyrinth which lures us to our death. Amor sounds like love Differences in methods of work and, of course, in the use of the two languages also surfaced among the actors. Amparo Noguera, a Teatro la Memoria member, was moved by the different resonances words can have. When I say a sentence in another language, I may know the meaning of what Im saying, but in my own language, words produce an emotion within me that the same words in another language do not. If I say amor, it sounds like love to me. In English, it doesnt have the same resonance. Theres a certain separation in that, beyond consciousness. A difference which has amazed me, added Chilean actor Rodrigo Perez, is the American actors capacity to assimilate directions. Whatever the director gives you, you do it immediately. We are more complicated. I have to go to a corner, mull it over, consider it, and maybe Ill do it the following day. After the first week of a six-week rehearsal period, Castro asked his Chilean colleagues to take that cue from the U.S. actors and open themselves to direction with more violence, energy and spontaneity. In turn, he asked the Touchstone actors to try to understand the deep relationship with death which comes from deception, horror, misery, the human condition in general, which exists in his work and in this production. Teatro la Memorias strong psychological investment in the concept of pain and death may be rooted in Chiles traditional, deep-seated Catholicism and its more recent experience with the horrors of living under a military dictatorship. Our work, Castro explains, assumes the different and the painful as a way of creation. One must pass through this thing of death to be able to create a wonderful, positive space. Its inevitable. You cannot avoid it. Bill George, co-founder of Touchstone, reflected on international collaboration in light of his own 1989 trip to Chile. Our two cultures are a gift. If we can actually come together, mix the vanilla and chocolate ice cream without losing the flavor of either one, this is what building the new culture is all about the world culture, which were only beginning to weave, thread by thread. I find that the real challenge. Joanne Pottlitzer translated Daedalus in the Belly of the Beast and acted as dramaturgfor the production.